安徽普力马康智能装备有限公司

数控车削的加工工艺

2024-12-23 21:05:46 pmt0278a8 阅读(2463)

「导读」数控机床作为一种科技的设备,欲发挥其高性能、高精度和高自动化的特点,除了必须掌握机床的性能、特点及操作方法外,还应在 编程前进行详细的方式分析和确定合理的加工方式,以得到完善的加工方案。
数控机床作为一种科技的设备,欲发挥其高性能、高精度和高自动化的特点,除了必须掌握机床的性能、特点及操作方法外,还应在 编程前进行详细的方式分析和确定合理的加工方式,以得到完善的加工方案。

一、数控车削加工方式的内容
数控车削加工方式是采用数控车床加工零件时所运用的方法和技术手段的总和。其主要内容包括以下几个方面:
(一)选择并确定零件的数控车削加工内容;
(二)对零件图纸进行数控车削加工方式分析;
(三)工具、夹具的选择和调整设计;
(四)工序、工步的设计;
(五)加工轨迹的计算和优化;
(六)数控车削加工程序的编写、校验与修改;
(七)首件试加工与现场问题的处理;
(八)编制数控加工方式技术文件;总之,数控加工方式内容较多,有些与普通机床加工相似。

二、数控车削加工方式分析
方式分析是数控车削加工的前期方式准备工作。方式制定得合理与否,对程序的编制、机床的加工效率和零件的加工精度都有重要影响。为了编制出一个合理的、实用的加工程序,要求编程者不仅要了解数控车床的工作原理、性能特点及结构。掌握编程语言及编程格式,还应熟练掌握工件加工方式,确定合理的切削用量、正确地选用刀具和工件装夹方法。因此,应遵循一般的方式原则并结合数控车床的特点,认真而详细地进行数控车削加工方式分析。其主要内容有:根据图纸分析零件的加工要求及其合理性;确定工件在数控车床上的装夹方式;各表面的加工顺序、刀具的进给路线以及刀具、夹具和切削用量的选择等。

(一)零件图分析
零件图分析是制定数控车削方式的首要任务。主要进行尺寸标注方法分析、轮廓几何要素分析以及精度和技术要求分析。此外还应分析零件结构和加工要求的合理性,选择方式基准。
1.尺寸标注方法分析
零件图上的尺寸标注方法应适应数控车床的加工特点,以同一基准标注尺寸或直接给出坐标尺寸。这种标注方法既便于编程,又有利于设计基准、方式基准、测量基准和编程原点的统一。如果零件图上各方向的尺寸没有统一的设计基准,可考虑在不影响零件精度的前提下选择统一的方式基准。计算转化各尺寸,以简化编程计算。

2.轮廓几何要素分析
在手工编程时,要计算每个节点坐标。在自动编程时要对零件轮廓的所有几何元素进行定义。因此在零件图分析时,要分析几何元素的给定条件是否充分。

3.精度和技术要求分析
对被加工零件的精度和技术进行分析,是零件方式性分析的重要内容,只有在分析零件尺寸精度和表面粗糙度的基础上,才能正确合理地选择加工方法、装夹方式、刀具及切削用量等。其主要内容包括:分析精度及各项技术要求是否齐全、是否合理;分析本工序的数控车削加工精度能否达到图纸要求,若达不到,允许采取其他加工方式弥补时,应给后续工序留有余量;对图纸上有位置精度要求的表面,应保证在一次装夹下完成;对表面粗糙度要求较高的表面,应采用恒线速度切削(注意:在车削端面时,应限制主轴最高转速)。

(二)夹具和刀具的选择
1.工件的装夹与定位
数控车削加工中尽可能做到一次装夹后能加工出全部或大部分代加工表面,尽量减少装夹次数,以提高加工效率、保证加工精度。对于轴类零件,通常以零件自身的外圆柱面作定位基准;对于套类零件,则以内孔为定位基准。数控车床夹具除了使用通用的三爪自动定心卡盘、四爪卡盘、液压、电动及气动夹具外,还有多种通用性较好的专用夹具。实际操作时应合理选择。金属加工微信,内容不错,值得关注。
2.刀具选择
刀具的使用寿命除与刀具材料相关外,还与刀具的直径有很大的关系。刀具直径越大,能承受的切削用量也越大。所以在零件形状允许的情况下,采用尽可能大的刀具直径是延长刀具寿命,提高生产率的有效措施。数控车削常用的刀具一般分为3类。即尖形车刀、圆弧形车刀和成型车刀。
(1)尖形车刀。以直线形切削刃为特征的车刀一般称为尖形车刀。其刀尖由直线性的主、副切削刃构成,如外圆偏刀、端面车刀等。这类车刀加工零件时,零件的轮廓形状主要由一个独立的刀尖或一条直线形主切削刃位移后得到。
(2)圆弧形车刀。除可车削内外圆表面外,特别适宜于车削各种光滑连接的成型面。其特征为:构成主切削刃的刀刃形状为一圆度误差或线轮廓误差很小的圆弧,该圆弧刃的每一点都是圆弧形车刀的刀尖,因此刀位点不在圆弧上,而在该圆弧的圆心上。
(3)成型车刀。即所加工零件的轮廓形状完全由车刀刀刃的形状和尺寸决定。数控车削加工中,常用的成型车刀有小半径圆弧车刀、车槽刀和螺纹车刀等。为了减少换刀时间和方便对刀,便于实现机械加工的标准化。数控车削加工中,应尽量采用机夹可转位式车刀。

(三)切削用量选择
数控车削加工中的切削用量包括背吃刀量ap、主轴转速S(或切削速度υ)及进给速度F(或进给量f )。
切削用量的选择原则,合理选用切削用量对提高数控车床的加工质量至关重要。确定数控车床的切削用量时一定要根据机床说明书中规定的要求,以及刀具的耐用度去选择,也可结合实际经验采用类比法来确定。一般的选择原则是:粗车时,首先考虑在机床刚度允许的情况下选择尽可能大的背吃刀量ap;其次选择较大的进给量f;最后再根据刀具允许的寿命确定一个合适的切削速度υ。增大背吃刀量可减少走刀次数,提高加工效率,增大进给量有利于断屑。精车时,应着重考虑如何保证加工质量,并在此基础上尽量提高加工效率,因此宜选用较小的背吃刀量和进给量,尽可能地提高加工速度。主轴转速S(r/min)可根据切削速度υ(mm/min)由公式 S=υ1000/πD(D为工件或刀/具直径 mm)计算得出,也可以查表或根据实践经验确定。
(四)划分工序及拟定加工顺序
1.工序划分的原则
在数控车床上加工零件,常用的工序的划分原则有两种。
(1)保持精度原则。工序一般要求尽可能地集中,粗、精加工通常会在一次装夹中全部完成
为减少热变形和切削力变形对工件的形状、位置精度、尺寸精度和表面粗糙度的影响,则应将粗、精加工分开进行。
(2)提高生产效率原则。为减少换刀次数,节省换刀时间,提高生产效率,应将需要用同一把刀加工的加工部位都完成后,再换另一把刀来加工其他部位,同时应尽量减少空行程。

2.确定加工顺序
制定加工顺序一般遵循下列原则:
(1)先粗后精。按照粗车半精车精车的顺序进行,逐步提高加工精度。
(2)先近后远。离对刀点近的部位先加工,离对刀点远的部位后加工,以便缩短刀具移动距离,减少空行程时间。此外,先近后远车削还有利于保持坯件或半成品的刚性,改善其切削条件。
(3)内外交叉。对既有内表面又有外表面需加工的零件,应先进行内外表面的粗加工,后进行内外表面的精加工。
(4)基面先行。用作精基准的表面应优先加工出来,定位基准的表面越准确,装夹误差越小。

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friendlink-> []

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frag--->{"solution_01":"<div class=\"solution-item\">\n<div class=\"solution-item-left\"><img src=\"/public/uploads/default/2024/08/12/1723400957374_source_solution-01-a.png.png\" width=\"298\" height=\"204\"></div>\n<div class=\"solution-item-right\" style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<h2><span>军工用破片槽</span></h2>\n<p><span>技术要求:槽宽0.3mm以内,深度2.6mm,四轴联动加工&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p><span>加工过程:正反共56条槽重复定位280次</span></p>\n<p><span>使用设备:万向动力刀座、普力马康车铣复合HQT150MY</span></p>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"solution-item\">\n<div class=\"solution-item-left\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><img src=\"/public/uploads/default/2024/08/12/1723401741722_source_solution-02-a.png.png\" width=\"319\" height=\"250\"></div>\n<div class=\"solution-item-right\" style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<h2><span>真空零件</span></h2>\n<p><span>技术要求:表面Ra0.4以内纹路细腻无划痕&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p><span>加工过程:高精密电主轴车床车削</span></p>\n<p><span> 使用设备:普力马康车铣复合HQT150MY、三丰粗糙度仪实测结果Ra0.15 </span></p>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"solution-item\">\n<div class=\"solution-item-left\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><img src=\"/public/uploads/default/2024/08/12/1723401908926_source_solution-03-b.png.png\" width=\"221\" height=\"350\"></div>\n<div class=\"solution-item-right\" style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<h2><span>大力神杯</span></h2>\n<p><span> 技术要求:工艺品表面精度要求高,从而验证了机床加工的连续稳定性&nbsp; </span></p>\n<p><span>加工过程:动力头3000转连续运转30个小时</span></p>\n<p><span>使用设备:普力马康车铣复合HQT150MY</span></p>\n</div>\n</div>","whatAppQRCode":"<p><img src=\"/public/uploads/default/2024/06/17/1718557681551_source_mceu_78900355411718557681523.png.png\"></p>","douyinQRCode":"<p><img src=\"/public/uploads/default/2024/05/20/1716139582979_source_douyin1.jpg.jpg\" width=\"201\" height=\"200\" alt=\"\"></p>","WeChatQRCode":"<p><img src=\"/public/uploads/default/2024/05/20/1716137657152_source_mceu_45355060611716137656809.jpg.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<img src=\"/public/uploads/default/2024/05/20/1716137684563_source_wechat2.jpg.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" alt=\"\"></p>","contact-us":"<h2>安徽普力马康智能装备有限公司</h2>\n<hr>\n<p></p>\n<p></p>\n<p><span><span></span></span></p>\n<p><img src=\"/public/uploads/default/2024/05/13/1715535474470_source_contact-us-2.jpg.jpg\" width=\"348\" height=\"341\" alt=\"\" style=\"float: right;\" class=\"page-contact-us-img\"><span>如果您找不到正在寻找的机器,或者需要定制机器,请直接与我们联系。</span></p>\n<h4><span>咨询</span></h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #333333;\"><span><img src=\"/public/uploads/default/2024/07/27/1722047977594_source_cellphone.png.png\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" alt=\"\">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></span><span style=\"color: #333333;\"><span>手机:+86 158-6711-4931</span></span></p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #333333;\"><img src=\"/public/uploads/default/2024/07/27/1722047966206_source_email.png.png\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" alt=\"\"> &nbsp; </span><span style=\"color: #333333;\"><span>邮箱:</span></span><span>info@primaconcnc.com</span><span><o:p></o:p></span><span></span></p>\n<p><span></span></p>\n<h4><span>外贸咨询</span></h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #333333;\"><span><img src=\"/public/uploads/default/2024/07/27/1722047977594_source_cellphone.png.png\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" alt=\"\">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></span><span style=\"color: #333333;\"><span>手机:</span></span><span>+86 18</span><span><span style=\"font-family: Segoe UI Variable Text;\">1-</span></span><span>6719</span><span><span style=\"font-family: Segoe UI Variable Text;\">-</span></span><span>5708</span><span><o:p></o:p></span></p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #333333;\"><img src=\"/public/uploads/default/2024/07/27/1722047966206_source_email.png.png\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" alt=\"\"> &nbsp; </span><span style=\"color: #333333;\"><span>邮箱:</span></span><span>jessica@primaconcnc.com</span></p>\n<p><span></span></p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #333333;\"><img src=\"/public/uploads/default/2024/07/27/1722045572974_source_address-01.png.png\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" alt=\"\"> &nbsp; </span><span style=\"color: #333333;\"><span>销售中心:浙江省杭州市萧山经济开发区红泰六路489号中南高科钱江云谷产业园</span></span></p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #333333;\"><img src=\"/public/uploads/default/2024/07/27/1722048552273_source_fa-maps.png.png\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" alt=\"\">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span><span style=\"color: #333333;\"><span>工厂地址:安徽省铜陵市义安区义安经济开发区金桥工业园孵化器3号厂房</span></span></p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #333333;\"><img src=\"/public/uploads/default/2024/07/27/1722048150547_source_phone.png.png\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" alt=\"\">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span><span style=\"color: #333333;\"><span>电话:0571-89937339</span></span></p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #333333;\"><img src=\"/public/uploads/default/2024/07/27/1722047793215_source_fax.png.png\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" alt=\"\"> &nbsp; </span><span style=\"color: #333333;\"><span>传真:0571-89937709</span></span></p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #333333;\"><img src=\"/public/uploads/default/2024/07/27/1722047993182_source_website.png.png\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" alt=\"\">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span><span style=\"color: #333333;\"><span>网址:www.primacon.cc</span></span></p>","support":"<div id=\"layerB6FE9A1F0F2A706BCCC844989ACDE6BD\" type=\"title\" class=\"cstlayer\" mid=\"\" deg=\"0\">\n<div class=\"wp-title_content\">\n<h3><span>服务支持</span></h3>\n</div>\n</div>\n<p id=\"layer9AD21579F3A750A4AEEFC26C6886C3C2\" type=\"title\" class=\"cstlayer\" deg=\"0\"><span>&nbsp;<img src=\"/public/uploads/default/2024/05/13/1715533182792_source_customer-suppor.png.png\" width=\"350\" height=\"346\" alt=\"\" style=\"float: right; margin-left: 40px;\">一、售前服务/解决方案</span><br data-filtered=\"filtered\"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 了解用户需求并提供解决方案建议。当我们清晰的了解用户需求后,会在机型选择、工艺规划、工艺优化、时间节拍计算、切削刀具选择、切削参数选择、产能评估、质量保证、夹具设计、成本分析、自动化成套评估、自动化风险分析等方面为用户提供建议,供用户选择,协助用户实现目标。</span><br data-filtered=\"filtered\">&nbsp;<br data-filtered=\"filtered\"><span>&nbsp;二、售后服务与培训</span><br data-filtered=\"filtered\"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 服务部门以提供满意的服务为己任,确保公司与用户进行良好沟通并快速协助用户解决问题。通过对服务质量的监控与信息的收集,我们建立了一套科学有效的服务保障机制。为了提高用户满意程度,我们对用户报修的反应时间做出了明确要求,即报修8小时内给予回复。如需现场服务,江浙沪24小时内到达、其它地区48小时到达.故障一次检修成功率高于95%,用户好评率高于95%。</span><br data-filtered=\"filtered\"><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 为让用户能了解我公司产品功能,掌握技术特性并熟练使用,使我公司产品为用户带来收益。我们成立了FMC项目部,旨在为用户提供系统​的培训,以便产品性能得到有效发挥,为用户创造价值。</span></p>\n<div class=\"wp-title_content\"><span></span></div>\n<div class=\"wp-title_content\"><span></span></div>\n<h3 class=\"wp-title_content\"><span></span></h3>\n<h3 class=\"wp-title_content\">应用领域</h3>\n<div class=\"wp-title_content\">\n<div id=\"layer1183CBDDE2948837E99EBF3198D968E1\" type=\"title\" class=\"cstlayer\" mid=\"\" deg=\"0\">\n<div class=\"wp-title_content\">\n<div>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1;\"><span>产品在航天航空、冶金、汽车工业、轨道交通、医疗、教育、工程机械、清洁能源、机床、工机具等各个领域全力支持工业快速稳健发展。</span></p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1;\"><span>为用户提供整合解决方案与技术支持,为用户节约综合成本,提高用户在各自领域的竞争力,与用户共同发展。</span></p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1;\"><span>​通过前瞻性眼光不断的创新,并将创新成果转换成实际产品导入市场,满足用户多样化需求的同时提高用户满意程度。</span></p>\n<div style=\"line-height: 1;\"><span><img src=\"/public/uploads/default/2024/05/13/1715533798284_source_mceu_934470121715533798254.jpg.jpg\" width=\"752\" height=\"865\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"></span></div>\n</div>\n<div>\n<div id=\"layer6E2597F1C0EC83D01B6A624D81E5D1F9\" type=\"title\" class=\"cstlayer\" mid=\"\" deg=\"0\">\n<div class=\"wp-title_content\">\n<h3><span>&nbsp;营销网络</span></h3>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div id=\"layerDD39D3BB84873C0CCCCC2874AF576FC9\" type=\"title\" class=\"cstlayer\" mid=\"\" deg=\"0\">\n<div class=\"wp-title_content\">\n<p style=\"line-height: 1;\"><span>&nbsp; 我们在国内设有多个办事处,构建了更为快捷、更为便利、更为流畅的销售网络体系,形成了辐射国内的多层次、立体化的销售网络。</span><span><span>&nbsp; &nbsp; </span></span></p>\n</div>\n<div class=\"wp-title_content\">\n<p style=\"line-height: 1;\"><span>&nbsp; 我们将以全新的姿态面对激烈的市场竞争环境,在未来的征途中,我们将同心同德、艰苦奋斗、开拓创新,以市场为导向,以技术为基础,以质量为根本,开创我们发展的新局面。​</span></p>\n<p><span><span><img src=\"/public/uploads/default/2024/05/13/1715533933702_source_mceu_64995430631715533933366.png.png\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"></span></span></p>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>","talent_recruitment":"<p></p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\"><strong>联系方式:</strong></span><span><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\">19356252151 </span><span style=\"font-size: 18px;\">曹女士</span></strong></span></p>","hr_concept":"<p></p>\n<h2>专利展示</h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><img src=\"/public/uploads/default/2024/08/08/1723058017468_source_mceu_81470579021723058017446.png.png\" width=\"700\"></p>\n<h2>荣誉证书</h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><img src=\"/public/uploads/default/2024/08/08/1723056903266_source_honor_02.png.png\" width=\"620\" alt=\"\"></p>\n<p></p>\n<h2 class=\"MsoNormal\">公司风采</h2>\n<p><img src=\"/public/uploads/default/2024/08/07/1723044196325_source_mceu_96622737811723044196304.png.png\" width=\"400\" height=\"220\"> &nbsp; <img src=\"/public/uploads/default/2024/08/07/1723044217228_source_my-company-02.png.png\" width=\"400\" height=\"220\" alt=\"\"></p>\n<p><img src=\"/public/uploads/default/2024/08/07/1723044688219_source_my-company-03.png.png\" width=\"400\" height=\"220\" alt=\"\">&nbsp; &nbsp;<img src=\"/public/uploads/default/2024/08/07/1723044707154_source_my-company-04.png.png\" width=\"400\" height=\"220\" alt=\"\"></p>\n<h2>团队介绍&nbsp;&nbsp;</h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><img src=\"/public/uploads/default/2024/08/11/1723367815750_source_team-01.png.png\" width=\"1304\" alt=\"\"></p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">团队是指拥有共同目标,并且具有不同能力的一小群人有愈识的协调行为或力的系统,这群人就如同人的五官一样,共同协作维持一个人的生存,缺一不可。</p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>我们是<span>一</span>支专业的团队。</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">技术是我们的内核,质量是生命线,我们的成员拥有多年的专业技术背景,来自国内知名公司的一线骨干。</p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>我们是<span>一</span>支年轻的团队。</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">我们充满了朝气和创新精神。</p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>我们是<span>一</span>支有毅力的团队。</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">我们坚信,专业的品牌源自客户的认可。只有专业,才能做大做强。</p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>我们是<span>一</span>支有梦想的团队。</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">我们来自五湖四海,因为一个共同的梦想:致力于智能化高质量的发展,突破国际垄断,建立以诚信服务和优质产品为导向的数控机床企业。</p>\n<p></p>","logo_1":"<pre><img src=\"/public/uploads/default/2024/05/12/1715516408670_source_logo_1.png.png\" width=\"232\" height=\"47\" alt=\"\"></pre>","whyChooseUs_img":"<p><img src=\"/public/uploads/default/2024/05/18/1716030876132_source_mceu_50739732511716030876081.jpg.png\" width=\"470\" alt=\"\" class=\"picScale\"></p>","whyChooseUs_text":"<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\">为什么选择普力马康?</h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">安徽普力马康智能装备有限公司是国家级高新技术企业,公司坐落于风景秀丽的安徽省铜陵市,公司专注于多轴数控车床及加工中心的研发、生产和销售。引进德国及日本先进技术,致力于提升机床品质和高水平应用,公司产品主要应用于汽车制造,航空航天,模具制造,工程机械,通用装备行业等领域。</p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">公司主营产品:<br>1.高精密数控车床HQT系列、QTE系列;<br>2.高精密车铣复合系列HQT150MY;HQT150MYL;HQT150MSY;<br>3.立式、卧式、龙门加工中心系列。</p>","banner":"<p><img src=\"/public/uploads/default/2024/05/06/1714936187291_source_mceu_50684728711714936186955.jpg.jpg\"></p>","contact-us-frag":"<p style=\"text-align: left;\">联系我们</p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">销售中心:浙江省杭州市萧山经济开发区红泰六路489号中南高科钱江云谷产业园39幢2单元</p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">工厂地址:安徽省铜陵市义安区义安经济开发区金桥工业园孵化器3号厂房</p>\n<p>电话:<span style=\"font-family: 'Microsoft YaHei';\">0571-89937339</span></p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Microsoft YaHei';\">手机:</span><span style=\"font-family: 微软雅黑;\">158-6711-4931</span></p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Microsoft YaHei';\">传真:0571-89937709</span></p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Microsoft YaHei';\">邮箱:primacon@163.com</span></p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Microsoft YaHei';\">网址:www.<span style=\"font-family: 微软雅黑;\">primacon.cc</span></span></p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"></p>","homeSlide":"<p><img src=\"/public/template/angke/img/banner.jpg\" alt=\"\">合作企业</p>","copyright":"","ad":""}

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article------>{"id":102,"cid":24,"sub_cid":"24","title":"数控车削的加工工艺","short_title":"","tag_id":"","attr":"","seo_title":"","seo_keywords":"","seo_description":"","source":"","author":"pmt0278a8","description":"数控机床作为一种科技的设备,欲发挥其高性能、高精度和高自动化的特点,除了必须掌握机床的性能、特点及操作方法外,还应在 编程前进行详细的方式分析和确定合理的加工方式,以得到完善的加工方案。","img":"","content":"<div style=\"line-height: 2;\">数控机床作为一种科技的设备,欲发挥其高性能、高精度和高自动化的特点,除了必须掌握机床的性能、特点及操作方法外,还应在 编程前进行详细的方式分析和确定合理的加工方式,以得到完善的加工方案。<br><br>一、数控车削加工方式的内容<br>数控车削加工方式是采用数控车床加工零件时所运用的方法和技术手段的总和。其主要内容包括以下几个方面:<br>(一)选择并确定零件的数控车削加工内容;<br>(二)对零件图纸进行数控车削加工方式分析;<br>(三)工具、夹具的选择和调整设计;<br>(四)工序、工步的设计;<br>(五)加工轨迹的计算和优化;<br>(六)数控车削加工程序的编写、校验与修改;<br>(七)首件试加工与现场问题的处理;<br>(八)编制数控加工方式技术文件;总之,数控加工方式内容较多,有些与普通机床加工相似。<br><br>二、数控车削加工方式分析<br>方式分析是数控车削加工的前期方式准备工作。方式制定得合理与否,对程序的编制、机床的加工效率和零件的加工精度都有重要影响。为了编制出一个合理的、实用的加工程序,要求编程者不仅要了解数控车床的工作原理、性能特点及结构。掌握编程语言及编程格式,还应熟练掌握工件加工方式,确定合理的切削用量、正确地选用刀具和工件装夹方法。因此,应遵循一般的方式原则并结合数控车床的特点,认真而详细地进行数控车削加工方式分析。其主要内容有:根据图纸分析零件的加工要求及其合理性;确定工件在数控车床上的装夹方式;各表面的加工顺序、刀具的进给路线以及刀具、夹具和切削用量的选择等。</div>\n<div style=\"line-height: 2;\"><br>(一)零件图分析<br>零件图分析是制定数控车削方式的首要任务。主要进行尺寸标注方法分析、轮廓几何要素分析以及精度和技术要求分析。此外还应分析零件结构和加工要求的合理性,选择方式基准。<br>1.尺寸标注方法分析<br>零件图上的尺寸标注方法应适应数控车床的加工特点,以同一基准标注尺寸或直接给出坐标尺寸。这种标注方法既便于编程,又有利于设计基准、方式基准、测量基准和编程原点的统一。如果零件图上各方向的尺寸没有统一的设计基准,可考虑在不影响零件精度的前提下选择统一的方式基准。计算转化各尺寸,以简化编程计算。<br><br>2.轮廓几何要素分析<br>在手工编程时,要计算每个节点坐标。在自动编程时要对零件轮廓的所有几何元素进行定义。因此在零件图分析时,要分析几何元素的给定条件是否充分。<br><br>3.精度和技术要求分析<br>对被加工零件的精度和技术进行分析,是零件方式性分析的重要内容,只有在分析零件尺寸精度和表面粗糙度的基础上,才能正确合理地选择加工方法、装夹方式、刀具及切削用量等。其主要内容包括:分析精度及各项技术要求是否齐全、是否合理;分析本工序的数控车削加工精度能否达到图纸要求,若达不到,允许采取其他加工方式弥补时,应给后续工序留有余量;对图纸上有位置精度要求的表面,应保证在一次装夹下完成;对表面粗糙度要求较高的表面,应采用恒线速度切削(注意:在车削端面时,应限制主轴最高转速)。</div>\n<p></p>\n<div>\n<p>(二)夹具和刀具的选择<br>1.工件的装夹与定位<br>数控车削加工中尽可能做到一次装夹后能加工出全部或大部分代加工表面,尽量减少装夹次数,以提高加工效率、保证加工精度。对于轴类零件,通常以零件自身的外圆柱面作定位基准;对于套类零件,则以内孔为定位基准。数控车床夹具除了使用通用的三爪自动定心卡盘、四爪卡盘、液压、电动及气动夹具外,还有多种通用性较好的专用夹具。实际操作时应合理选择。金属加工微信,内容不错,值得关注。<br>2.刀具选择<br>刀具的使用寿命除与刀具材料相关外,还与刀具的直径有很大的关系。刀具直径越大,能承受的切削用量也越大。所以在零件形状允许的情况下,采用尽可能大的刀具直径是延长刀具寿命,提高生产率的有效措施。数控车削常用的刀具一般分为3类。即尖形车刀、圆弧形车刀和成型车刀。<br>(1)尖形车刀。以直线形切削刃为特征的车刀一般称为尖形车刀。其刀尖由直线性的主、副切削刃构成,如外圆偏刀、端面车刀等。这类车刀加工零件时,零件的轮廓形状主要由一个独立的刀尖或一条直线形主切削刃位移后得到。<br>(2)圆弧形车刀。除可车削内外圆表面外,特别适宜于车削各种光滑连接的成型面。其特征为:构成主切削刃的刀刃形状为一圆度误差或线轮廓误差很小的圆弧,该圆弧刃的每一点都是圆弧形车刀的刀尖,因此刀位点不在圆弧上,而在该圆弧的圆心上。<br>(3)成型车刀。即所加工零件的轮廓形状完全由车刀刀刃的形状和尺寸决定。数控车削加工中,常用的成型车刀有小半径圆弧车刀、车槽刀和螺纹车刀等。为了减少换刀时间和方便对刀,便于实现机械加工的标准化。数控车削加工中,应尽量采用机夹可转位式车刀。<br><br>(三)切削用量选择<br>数控车削加工中的切削用量包括背吃刀量ap、主轴转速S(或切削速度&upsilon;)及进给速度F(或进给量f )。<br>切削用量的选择原则,合理选用切削用量对提高数控车床的加工质量至关重要。确定数控车床的切削用量时一定要根据机床说明书中规定的要求,以及刀具的耐用度去选择,也可结合实际经验采用类比法来确定。一般的选择原则是:粗车时,首先考虑在机床刚度允许的情况下选择尽可能大的背吃刀量ap;其次选择较大的进给量f;最后再根据刀具允许的寿命确定一个合适的切削速度&upsilon;。增大背吃刀量可减少走刀次数,提高加工效率,增大进给量有利于断屑。精车时,应着重考虑如何保证加工质量,并在此基础上尽量提高加工效率,因此宜选用较小的背吃刀量和进给量,尽可能地提高加工速度。主轴转速S(r/min)可根据切削速度&upsilon;(mm/min)由公式 S=&upsilon;1000/&pi;D(D为工件或刀/具直径 mm)计算得出,也可以查表或根据实践经验确定。<br>(四)划分工序及拟定加工顺序<br>1.工序划分的原则<br>在数控车床上加工零件,常用的工序的划分原则有两种。<br>(1)保持精度原则。工序一般要求尽可能地集中,粗、精加工通常会在一次装夹中全部完成<br>为减少热变形和切削力变形对工件的形状、位置精度、尺寸精度和表面粗糙度的影响,则应将粗、精加工分开进行。<br>(2)提高生产效率原则。为减少换刀次数,节省换刀时间,提高生产效率,应将需要用同一把刀加工的加工部位都完成后,再换另一把刀来加工其他部位,同时应尽量减少空行程。<br><br>2.确定加工顺序<br>制定加工顺序一般遵循下列原则:<br>(1)先粗后精。按照粗车半精车精车的顺序进行,逐步提高加工精度。<br>(2)先近后远。离对刀点近的部位先加工,离对刀点远的部位后加工,以便缩短刀具移动距离,减少空行程时间。此外,先近后远车削还有利于保持坯件或半成品的刚性,改善其切削条件。<br>(3)内外交叉。对既有内表面又有外表面需加工的零件,应先进行内外表面的粗加工,后进行内外表面的精加工。<br>(4)基面先行。用作精基准的表面应优先加工出来,定位基准的表面越准确,装夹误差越小。</p>\n<div></div>\n</div>","status":0,"pv":2463,"link":"","createdAt":"2023-12-17 20:20:00","updatedAt":"2024-12-23 21:05:46","sort":8,"field":{},"tags":[]}

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